悬浮物对褐牙鲆抗氧化酶活性及相关基因表达的影响

为探究褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼抗氧化系统酶活力及相关基因表达在悬浮物胁迫下的变化情况,设计了浓度为5 000、10 000 mg·L-1悬浮物水体对褐牙鲆(14.53 cm±1.58 cm)肌肉、肝脏、鳃及血液总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)酶活力及SOD2、GST、CAT的mRNA转录水平表达变化情况。结果显示:在悬浮物胁迫24 h或者48 h时,4种组织3种酶活力具有升高的趋势(P0.05);4种组织的T-SOD酶活力在96 h均高于对照组(P0.05),肌肉、鳃丝及血液中SOD2基因相对表达量96 h实验组低于对照组(P0.05);肌肉中CAT酶活力呈现先升高再降低趋势,鳃中CAT基因相对表达量呈现先降低、再升高、再降低的趋势;肝脏、鳃、血液中GST酶活力在悬浮物胁迫下呈现升高趋势,4种组织GST基因相对表达量在12~24 h时呈现升高趋势。研究表明:悬浮物对褐牙鲆抗氧化酶活力及相关基因的表达具有一定的影响,血液中3种酶活力变化幅度最大,鳃中3种基因相对表达水平变化幅度最大,这与血液及鳃参与呼吸作用过程有关;抗氧化酶活性及基因相对表达变化趋势并不完全一致。本研究可为揭示褐牙鲆应对悬浮物胁迫的耐受机制及褐牙鲆耐悬浮物品种选育提供基础数据。     

Measuring marginal willingness to pay using conjoint analysis and developing benefit transfer functions in various Asian cities

We need a consistent methodology to measure the co-benefits of climate change mitigation across Asian countries. This study chose a strategy of modifying the Japan-specific life-cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling (LIME) for wider application across countries. LIME has two dimensions. First, it is an environmental science that links the cause-and-effect chain. Second, it is an environmental valuation that weighs four endpoint damages in monetary terms through a conjoint analysis that is derived from an Internet-based questionnaire survey. This article describes the modification of the methodology for application of the conjoint analysis to weigh environmental impacts. We approached the investigation as follows. First, we conducted Internet surveys to measure marginal willingness-to-pay (MWTP). We used a sample of 112 respondents in their 20 s to 40 s, divided equally between men and women, in 11 cities across China, India, and Southeast Asia. The results obtained showed clear statistical significance and were comparable across the cities. Second, we attempted to develop functions (called benefit transfer functions) to simplify the measured MWTP in order to apply it across different Asian countries. The functions were derived through a stepwise meta-analytic method, a type of multiple regression analysis whose independent variable was MWTP and dependent variables were attributes of both respondents and surveyed cities. The functions showed that coal consumption and percentage of nature reserve were dependent variables. Then, the MWTPs estimated from the functions were compared with the measured MWTP for transfer error, which is calculated by the absolute value of the difference between the estimated value and the measured value divided by the latter. The transfer error was below 50% in about 90% of the 44 results (a combination of four endpoints and 11 cities), implying that the developed functions were statistically significant.     

广州河涌水体中食蚊鱼肝脏性激素相关基因的表达水平研究

应用食蚊鱼细胞色素P450芳香化酶基因(CYP19α)、卵黄蛋白原基因(VTGα)和雌/雄激素受体基因(ERα/ARα)m RNA转录水平为指标,评价广州海珠涌和黄埔涌食蚊鱼受环境激素物质干扰产生雌/雄性化效应的现状。结果显示,海珠涌宝岗大道段(BG)、洪德路段(HD)和黄埔涌赤岗路段(CG)、苗艺路段(MY)采样点雌鱼性腺CYP19αm RNA表达水平显著降低。雌鱼肝脏VTGαm RNA的表达水平在夏冬两季CG点都显著升高,但在BG、HD和MY点的表达水平在冬季则显著下降;夏冬两季雌鱼雄激素受体ARαm RNA表达水平在各点都显著升高。雄鱼性腺CYP19αm RNA表达水平在各点都无明显差异,但CG点在夏季显著升高,而MY点在冬季则显著下降;雄鱼肝脏VTGα和雌激素受体ERαm RNA表达水平分别在各点都显著升高,但夏季MY点和冬季HD、MY各点无明显差异。结果表明,雌性食蚊鱼的VTGα和CYP19α基因受到不同程度的抑制,ERα较对照REF明显升高,表现出雄激素效应;雄性食蚊鱼VTGα和ERα转录水平较对照REF显著升高,CYP19α基因无显著性差异,表现出雌激素效应。生活在广州海珠涌和黄埔涌中的食蚊鱼受雌/雄激素物质干扰明显,表明河涌中环境激素污染严重。     

污水中抗生素与重金属对红霉素抗药性基因的选择性效应

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)和固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)分别检测分析了上海某污水处理厂中6种重金属和3种抗生素的含量水平和分布特征,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测分析了7种红霉素抗药性基因(ERY-ARGs)在污水处理厂中的分布变化.结果表明,抗生素磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)、红霉素(ERY)和四环素(TC)在污水处理厂中均被检出,两段A/O工艺对其去除效果较差,去除率为3%(ERY)~36%(TC).重金属Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb在污水中被检出,浓度范围分别为136.9~235.5、7.1~37.4、18.1~98.4和143.1~383.0μg/L,两段A/O工艺对Zn基本完全去除,但对Cu、Pb和Cr的去除率分别为48%、43%和18%.目标ERY-ARGs在污水处理厂中均被检出,其在原水中的浓度为9.28×103(ermA)~1.83×108(ereA)copies/L,两段A/O工艺对其具有较好的去除效果,降低幅度可达1.19~3.97个对数浓度.通过相关性分析可知, ERY-ARGs与ERY之间具有显著相关性(P<0.05),而酯酶基因ereA与Cu、Zn和Pb之间也呈现出较好的显著相关性(P<0.05),表明污水中ERY对ERY-ARGs的演变产生具有重要影响,而重金属对ERY-ARGs也可能存在潜在的选择性作用.     

天蓝苜蓿锌胁迫下实时定量PCR内参基因筛选

选取8个管家基因(h2a、act、18s、tub、ubi、ef1、cyp、gapdh)作为候选内参基因,以不同浓度Zn2+处理下接菌第30d的天蓝苜蓿(Medicago Lupulina L.)接种根为实验材料,筛选用于目的基因实时荧光定量PCR分析的最佳内参基因.研究表明:候选内参基因平均表达稳定性由高到低排序为:ef1>ubi>act>h2a>gapdh>cyp>18s>tub;在不同Zn2+浓度胁迫下,最适内参基因组合各不相同:Zn2+=100mg/kg时,最佳内参基因组合为tub (1.97)和ef1 (2.06); Zn2+=200mg/kg时,最佳内参基因组合为ef1 (1.41)和ubi (2.51); Zn2+=300mg/kg时,最佳内参基因组合为ef1 (1.41)和h2a (2.78); Zn2+=400mg/kg时,最佳内参基因组合为ef1 (2.45)和act (2.55).该研究可为重金属污染地天蓝苜蓿抗性基因和共生基因的表达分析提供理论依据.     

全氟辛烷磺酸在大连区域环境多介质中的归趋模拟

阐明污染物的环境归趋对于其污染控制和生态风险评价具有重要意义。本文构建了三级环境多介质逸度模型,研究全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)在大连区域环境多介质中的分布及其迁移规律。结果表明,PFOS在大气、水、土壤和沉积物相的模拟浓度分别为5.10 pg·m-3、22.60 ng·L-1、2.25μg·kg-1和0.34μg·kg-1,与实测值较为一致。环境相间的迁移主要是大气向土壤中迁移和土壤向水中的迁移,水和土壤是大连区域PFOS的主要的汇。PFOS在大气和水相的平流输入为主要的污染来源,而大气的平流输出是其主要的输出途径。灵敏度分析表明,有机碳分配系数、溶解度、水和气相平流输入、土壤中水的径流速率以及温度是影响模型结果的主要参数。不确定分析则表明,整体参数的变化对水体输出结果影响最大,对沉积物影响最小。本研究较好地模拟了PFOS在大连区域环境多介质中的迁移和归趋,可为其污染控制和生态风险评价提供科学依据。     

Community diversity and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea in marsh wetlands in the black soil zone in North-east China

AOA amoA genes in the soils of the two wetlands affiliated with three lineages. The main drivers of AOA community were pH and total organic carbon and ammonium. The soil characteristics rather than the vegetation control the AOA community. Since its first detection, ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) have been proven to be ubiquitous in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, two freshwater marsh wetlands- the Honghe wetland and Qixinghe wetland – in the black soil zone in North-east China were chosen to investigate the AOA community diversity and distribution in wetland soils with different vegetation and depth. In the Honghe wetland, two sampling locations were chosen as the dominant plant transited from Deyeuxia to Carex. In the Qixinghe wetland, one sample location that was dominated by Deyeuxia was chosen. Samples of each location were collected from three different depths, and Illumina MiSeq platform was used to generate the AOA amoA gene archive. The results showed that the AOA amoA genes in the soils of the two wetlands were affiliated with three lineages: Nitrososphaera, Nitrosotalea, and Nitrosopumilus clusters. The different dominant status of these AOA lineages indicated their differences in adapting to acidic habitat, oxygenic/hypoxic alternation, organic matter, and other environmental factors, suggesting high diversity among AOA in marsh soils. The main driver of the AOA community was pH, along with organic carbon and ammonium nitrogen, which also played an important role combined with many other environmental factors. Thus, soil physiochemical characteristics, rather than vegetation, were the main cause of AOA community diversity in the wetlands in the black soil zone in China.     

安徽铜陵杨山冲尾矿库尾砂重金属元素的迁移规律

安徽铜陵杨山冲尾矿库使用期为1966—1990年,堆积了近1 308×104 t尾矿,选择该尾矿库进行尾砂重金属迁移规律研究.结果表明:在自然风化条件下,Cu,As,Hg,Cd和Pb的淋滤迁移速度相对较快,Zn略慢;Zn,Pb,Hg和Cd在50～60 cm深处产生了二次富集;不同位置的尾砂中重金属迁移规律有一定差异,低洼区Zn,As和Cd等在表层形成局部富集,100 cm以内浅层尾砂中也有部分重金属元素二次富集;经过长期风化氧化和淋滤作用,浅层尾砂中的重金属元素易淋滤部分大多被淋失,风化后尾砂中Cu,Pb,As和Hg以残渣态为主要赋存形式,其含量占全量比例均大于35%,其次为铁锰氧化态,其中Zn和Cd以铁锰氧化态含量在表层最高.在尾矿库表面植草能减少扬尘,也可能造成部分重金属元素含量在表层异常升高,影响尾矿库的进一步改造和复垦.      

北京官厅水库水体甲状腺激素干扰效应检测及特征

应用重组人甲状腺激素受体(hTR)基因酵母快速测试方法,检测北京官厅水库水体类/抗甲状腺激素干扰效应,并分析其地理分布、季节分布特征以及水体甲状腺激素干扰化合物(TDCs)组成特征.结果表明:官厅水库水体检出了显著的抗甲状腺激素干扰效应,与其它研究区域相比,效应处于较低到中等水平;入库河流对库区水质产生显著影响,且入库河流水质受季节影响显著,因此,库区水体不同季节甲状腺激素干扰水平存在差异;C18固相萃取柱对抗甲状腺激素干扰效应的去除率在61.9%~92.3%,表明官厅水库水体中的甲状腺激素抑制活性物质多集中在有机组分,加入30mg/L的EDTA后TR抑制活性显著降低,表明官厅水库水体中TDCs除有机化合物外可能还包含重金属类无机化合物.     

微囊藻毒素对真菌和哺乳动物细胞毒害效应的研究

主要探讨微囊藻毒素对真菌和哺乳动物细胞的毒害效果,以及其作为水体生理毒害评价模式细胞的可能。通过毒性试验和单细胞凝胶电泳实验,利用栗酒裂殖酵母细胞（S.pombe）,人肝癌细胞（HepG2）和人脑星形胶质母细胞癌细胞（U87）3种生物模型评估MC对细胞DNA的损伤以及对细胞内氧化自由基水平的影响。并利用栗酒裂殖酵母的基因缺失体,判断MC所诱导的酵母细胞氧化应激路径。研究表明MC通过氧化路径诱导DNA损伤;缺失wis1△和pap1△基因的S.pombe细胞无法诱导ROS生产,wis1△和pap1△缺失型S.pombe细胞在40 mg·L-1-1MC暴露24 h下细胞增殖率仅下降7.3%、7.7%;氧化损伤是MC损伤S.pombe的主要方式;HepG2细胞和U87细胞较S.pombe细胞适于研究、评估MC的毒性。